normal pulsed wave doppler echocardiographic parameters of turkmen horses of iran

turkmen horse is one of the oldest and purest breeds in the world, but there is no information on doppler echocardiographic parameters in this horse. in the present study, pulsed-wave (pw) doppler echocardiography was performed on 42 clinically normal 3- to 15-year-old racing turkmen horses. no cardiac disease was detected with two-dimensional (2-d) real-time, m-mode, and colour flow mapping. doppler echocardiographic parameters and indices of tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary and aortic flows were measured in this study. tricuspid inflow velocities during rapid filling (e) and atrial contractions (a) were significantly higher than mitral inflow (p